COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF FRESHWATER LAKE SEDIMENTS (BALVU AND PĒRKONU LAKES)

Oskars Purmalis, Linards Kļaviņš, Lauris Arbidans


Last modified: 29.03.2019

Abstract

Water quality, watershed basin and urbanization are key factors from the perspective of freshwater management; however, actual depth of waterbodies is often an overlooked element. Actual depth represents the overall depth of lake bed and depth of sediments. Some cases have been reported, where with increase of average depth of lake, it is possible to expect improvements of water quality when sediments are removed. If lakes are eutrophic, shallow, overgrown with macrophytes and contain high concentrations of biogenic elements water and lake ecosystem quality can be endangered. Removal of sediments can be an expensive procedure and also depends on the composition, structure, local conditions and total amount of sediments, also the disposal or possible use of sediments must be considered. Therefore, it is crucial to understand not only the genesis of sediments, but also possible pollutants, especially in urban territories. Two lakes in Latvia, where the coastal areas of lakes are urbanized at different levels, were studied. Lake Pērkonu was less affected from urbanization than Lake Balvu, cumulative effects of sedimentation and eutrophication were shown as these two lakes are interconnected. Characterization of lake sediments was done, including measurements of pH, ash content, analysis of C/N ratio, biological composition, metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), content of organic matter and concentration of humic acids. Results show that structure and composition of sediments in studied lakes differ with increasing depth, giving opportunity to track environmental changes in the past and differentiate possible applications of sediments. In deeper layers sediments were mostly formed from algae, but in more recent stages of lake development macrophytes were more dominant. Sediments formed after Ice-Age and located close to the bottom of the lake differ from conditions on paste (relief of lake bed, streams etc.), because areas with accumulated clay material and areas with sandy material were present.

Keywords


eutrophication; dredging; lake sediments; pollution

References


[1] Y. Yuan, G. Zeng, J. Liang, L. Huang, S. Hua, F. Li, Y. Zhu, H. Wu, J.  Liu, X. He, Y. He, “Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period:Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors,” Journal of Hydrology, 525, pp. 450–456, 2015.

[2] M. Klavins, I. Kokorite, M. Jankevica, V. Rodinovs, L. Dreijalte, “Reconstruction of Anthropogenic Impact Intensity Changes during Last 300 Years in Lake Engure Using Analysis of Sedimentary Records,” Environmental and Climate Technologies, 7, pp. 66-71, 2011.

[3] K. Stankevica, A. Pujate, L. Kalnina, M. Klavins, A. Cerina, A. Drucka, Records of the anthropogenic influence on different origin small lake sediments of Latvia,” Baltica, 28(2), pp. 135-150. 2015.

[4] G. Spriņģe, I. Druvietis, E. Parele, “The plankton and benthos communities of the lagoon lake Engures (Engure), Latvia,” Proceedings of Latvian Academy of Sciences, B, 54(5), pp. 164-169, 2000.

[5] J. Rosińska, M. Rybak, R. Gołdyn, “Patterns of macrophyte community recovery as a result of the restoration of a shallow urban lake,” Aquatic Botany, 138, pp. 45–52, 2017.

[6] S. Trajanovska, M. Talevska, A. Imeri, S.C. Schneider, “Assessment of littoral eutrophication in Lake Ohrid by submerged macrophytes,” Biologia, 69(6), pp. 756–764, 2014.

[7] L.T.T Kissoon, D.L. Jacob, M.A Hanson, B.R. Herwig, S.E. Bowe, M.L. Ottea,  “Macrophytes in shallow lakes: relationships with water, sediment and watershed characteristics,” Aquat. Bot., 109, pp. 39–48, 2013.

[8] J. Grochowska, R. Brzozowska, M. Łopata, J. Dunalska, “Influence of restoration methods on the longevity of changes in the thermal and oxygen dynamics of a degraded lake,” Oceanol. Hydrobiol. Stud., 44 (1), pp. 18–27, 2015.

[9] B.M. Spears, S. Meis, A. Anderson, M. Kellou, “Comparison of phosphorus (P) removal properties of materials proposed for the control of sediment p release in UK lakes,” Science of the Total Environment, 442, pp. 103–110, 2013.

[10] S.L. Aalto, J. Saarenheimo, J. Ropponen, J. Juntunen, A.J. Rissanen, M. Tiirola, “Sediment diffusion method improves wastewater nitrogen removal in the receiving lake sediments,” Water Research, 138, pp. 312-322, 2018.

[11] J. Rosińska, A. Kozak, R. Dondajewska, K. Kowalczewska-Madura, R. Gołdyn, “Water quality response to sustainable restoration measures – Case study of urban Swarzędzkie Lake.” Ecological Indicators, 84, pp. 437–449, 2018.

[12] J. van Wichelen, S. Declerck, K. Muylaert, I. Hoste, V. Geenens, J. Vandekerkhove, “The importance of drawdown and sediment removal for the restoration of the eutrophied shallow lake Kraenepoel (Belgium),” Hydrobiologia, 584, pp. 291–303, 2007.

[13] K. Stankevica, J. Burlakovs, M. Klavins, Z. Vincevica-Gaile, “Environmental and economic aspects of small freshwater lake sustainable use: Lake Pilvelis example,” In: Proceedings of 14th SGEM GeoConference on Science and Technologies in Geology, Exploration and Mining, 5(3), pp.127-134, 2014.

[14] J. van der Does, P. Verstraelen, P. Boers, J. van Roestel, R. Roijackers, G. Moser, “Lake restoration with and without dredging of P-enriched upper sediment layers,” Hydrobiologia, 233(1), pp. 197-210, 1992. [15] M. Lürling, E. J. Faassen, “Controlling toxic cyanobacteria: effects of dredging and P-binding clay on cyanobacteria and microcystins,” Water research, 46(5), pp. 1447-1459. 2012.

[16] O. Purmalis, J. Burlakovs, “Reviving prospects for lake restoration-investigating the geochemistry of Lake Alūksne sediments”, Research for Rural Development, 1, pp. 145-152, 2017.

[17] O. Heiri, A.F. Lotter, G. Lemcke, “Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results,” Journal of Paleolimnology, 25, pp. 101-110, 2001.

[18] USEPA, “Method 8081A. Organochlorine Pesticides by Gas Chromatography. Revision 1”, Washington DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

[19] K.H. Tan, “Soil sampling, preparation, and analysis - second edition,” N.Y.: Taylor & Francis group, 623, 2005.

[20] Balvu novada dome, “Balvu novada teritorijas plānojums2012.-2023. gadam,” 1.sējums, 1. redakcija., Balvi, 2011.

[21] A. Covich, M. Palmer, T. Crowl, “The Role of Benthic Invertebrate Species in Freshwater Ecosystems: Zoobenthic species influence energy flows and nutrient cycling,” BioScience, 49/2, pp. 119-127, 1999.

[22] E.Aleksejevs, J.Birzaks, “Long-term Changes in the Ichthyofauna of Latvia’s Inland Waters,” Environmental and Climate Technologies, vol.7, pp. 9-18, 2011.

[23] R. Reice, R.Wissmar, R. Naiman, “Disturbance regimes, resilience, and recovery of animal communities and habitats in lotic ecosystems,” Environmental Management, 14(5), pp. 647-659, 1990.

[24] P.A. Meyers, R. Ishiwatari, “Lacustrine organic geochemistry-an overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments,” Org. Geochem., Vol. 20(7), pp. 867-900, 1993.

[25] D. M. Mahapatra, H.N. Chanakya, T. V. Ramachandra, “C:N ratio of Sediments in a sewage fed Urban Lake,” International Journal of Geology, 3(5), 2011.

[26] M. Klavins, V. Rodinovs, I. Kokorite, “Chemistry of surface waters in Latvia,” Riga: University of Latvia, 2002.

[27] R.W. Sterner, “C:N:P stoichiometry in Lake Superior: freshwater sea as end member,” Inland Waters, 1, pp. 29-46, 2011.

[28] G. de la Lanza-Espino, F.J.lores-Verdugo, S. Hernández-Pulido, I. Penié-Rodríguez, “Concentration of nutrients and C:N:P ratios in surface sediments of a tropical coastal lagoon complex affected by agricultural runoff,” Universidad y Ciencia, 27, pp. 145-155, 2011.

[29] G. de la Lanza-Espino, L.A. Soto, “C:N:P Molar Ratios, Sources and 14C Dating of Surficial Sediments from the NW Slope of Cuba.” PLoS ONE, 10(6), pp. 1-19, 2015.

[30] K. Stankevica, L. Kalnina, M. Klavins, A. Cerina, L. Ustupe, E. Kaup, "Reconstruction of the Holocene Palaeoenvironmental Conditions Accordingly to the Multiproxy Sedimentary Records from Lake Pilvelis, Latvia." Quaternary International, 386, pp. 102-15, 2015.

[31] O. Purmalis, M. Klavins “Formation and changes of humic acid properties during peat humification process within ombrotrophic bogs,” Open Journal of Soil Science, 2, pp. 100-110, 2012.

[32] M. Kļaviņš, O. Purmalis, “Surface activity of humic substances depending on their origin and humification degree,” Proceedings of Latvian Academy of Sciences, Section B, 67(6), pp. 493-499, 2013.

[33] H.I. Abdel-Shafy, M.S.M. Mansour, “A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation,” Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25, pp. 107–123, 2016.

[34] S. Kakareka, T. Kukharchyk, “EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook: Sources of polychlorinated biphenyls emissions,” Minsk: National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 2005.

[35] B.J.  Mahler, P.C. van Metre, W. T. Foreman, “Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and azaarenes in runoff from coal-tar- and asphalt-sealcoated pavement,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 188, pp. 81-87, 2014.

[36] C.A. Alves, A.M.P. Vicente, J. Gomes, T. Nunes, M. Duarte, B.A.M. Bandowe, “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxygenated-PAHs, nitrated-PAHs and azaarenes) in size-fractionated particles emitted in an urban road tunnel,” Atmospheric Research, vol. 180, pp. 128-137, 2016.

[37] J. Zhang, R. Li, X. Zhang, Y. Bai, P. Cao , P. Hua, “Vehicular contribution of PAHs in size dependent road dust: A source apportionment by PCA-MLR, PMF, and Unmix receptor models,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 649, pp. 1314-1322, 2019.

[38] K. Vorkamp, “An overlooked environmental issue? A review of the inadvertent formation of PCB-11 and other PCB congeners and their occurrence in consumer products and in the environment,” Science of The Total Environment, 541, pp. 1463–1476, 2016.

[39] D. Dąbrowska, A. Kot-Wasik, J. Namieśnik, ”Stability Studies of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Organic Solvents and Identification of Their Transformation Products,” Polish J. of Environ. Stud., 17(1), pp. 17-24, 2008.

[40] C.R. Evanko, D.A. Dzombak, “Remediation of Metals-Contaminated Soils and Groundwater,” Pittsburg: Ground-Water Remediation Technologies Analysis Center, 1997.

[41] M. Kļaviņš, A. Briede, I. Kļaviņa, V. Rodinov, “Metals in sediments of lakes in Latvia,” Environment International, 21(4), pp. 451-458, 1995.

[42] M. Klavins, M. Vircavs, “Metals in sediments of inland waters of Lativa,” Boreal environmental research, 6, pp. 297-306, 2001.

[43] M. Klavins, I. Kokorite, M. Jankevica, J. Mazeika, V. Rodinov, “Trace elements in sediments of lakes in Latvia,” Recent Researches in Geography, Geology, Energy, Environment and Biomedicine, pp. 43-47, 2011.

[44] W. Schröder, R. Pesch, A. Hertel, S. Schonrock, H. Harmens, G. Mills, I. Ilyin,  “Correlation between atmospheric deposition of Cd, Hg and Pb and their concentrations in mosses specified for ecological land classes covering. Europe.” Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4, pp. 267-274, 2013.